Background: Scaphoid is the most common carpal bone to fracture, and non-union is the most common complication of scaphoid fracture. The vascularized bone grafting, based on pronator quadratus muscle for scaphoid non-union is an option for a more successful union. We would like to report our experience. Methods: In a descriptive study between 2003 and 2004, 11 patients with scaphoid nonunion were operated on with pronator quadratus vascularized bone graft. The mean age of the patients was 22.9 years (18-29) and the duration of non-union was 12.2 months (6-24). The patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically after 6 months. Results: Union was achieved in 10 out of 11 patients. The mean time to union was 12 weeks. The mean pain score in the patients with union was 3.8 before and 1 after surgery. Seven patients had no activity related pain and 3 others experienced minimal exertional pain. There was no instance of fixation failure or substantial loss of reduction. The mean final range of motion of the wrist was 19° extension, 15° flexion, 5° radial deviation and 10° ulnar deviation. Final assessment of pain relief, improved motion and increased wrist function was excellent in 5 patients, good in 3 and fair in 2 patients.Conclusions: Pronator quadratus vascularized bone graft is an effective method for treatment of scaphoid nonunion, leading to rapid union and good wrist function, although it is a bigger surgery and takes longer to perform.

Twenty five non-unions of the tibia (in twenty four patients) were initially treated by external fixation or pin & plaster and immobilization in a cast & bone grafting then they were treated by graft and plating. There were 23 open fractures and 2 closed fractures with compartment syndrome. Eleven non-unions (44%) had early soft-tissue reconstruction. The duration of external fixation was average ten weeks and the mean time from injury to plating ten weeks and the mean time from injury to plating was eight months. None of the non-unions were infected at the time of plating. The average preoperative deformity in the sagittal (anterior-posterior) plane was 8 degrees and in the frontal (medical-lateral) plane 9 degrees. After fixation, the residual angulations averaged 3 and 2 degrees respectively. Autogenous bone grafting was used in all cases.The patients were followed for an average of twenty-four months. 23 (92%) of the non-unions united in an average of seven months without further intervention. In 2 patients (8%), the plate broke, necessitating re-plating. A deep infection developed in 2 patients (8%). Ultimately, 24 non-unions (96%) healed without evidence of infection.Plate osteosynthesis is an effective method of treatment for patients who have had an open fracture of the tibia and has failed to unite after external fixation, pin and plaster or immobilization in a cast.

Attractive and colorful cultivars of cactus have been developed that are mainly propagated by grafting. The aim of this study was to determine histological events during graft union formation in Gymnocalycium cactus influenced by BA (Benzyladenine) application, grafting method and rootstock. The basal end of the scions and the top end of the rootstocks were first dipped into BA solution at concentrations of 0, 100 and 500 mg L-1 for 10 s, before being grafted on Lemaireocereus marginatus and Myrtillocactus geometrizans rootstocks using horizontal or wedge techniques. Longitudinal sections of the graft union were taken weekly to observe the developmental process of graft formation. The rootstocks did not have a significant effect on grafting success and scion growth, while horizontally grafted Gymnocalycium showed better grafting success rate. The grafting rate and scion growth were enhanced by application of BA compared with the control. The best results were obtained from treating the graft cut-surfaces of both scions and rootstocks with 100 mg L-1 BA. Histological observations showed that the graft union process involved development of a thin necrotic layer, callus formation at the graft interface, cambium differentiation and initiation of new vascular elements, developing the new vascular tissue, and connection of scion and rootstock vascular bundles. BA stimulated rapid proliferation of callus between the scion and rootstock as well as differentiation of vascular elements. We suggest the horizontal graft and application of BA (100 mg L-1) on the cut surfaces of both scion and rootstock as an easy and reliable method for successful graft union in Gymnocalycium cactus, which may have potential use in the commercial production of other cactus species as well.

Walnuts orchards in Iran are not uniform due to sexual propagation. Asexual propagation including minigrafting will lead to uniform orchards and nut production. To study the trend of grafting union formation in walnut some microscopic slides were prepared in different time after ‘Serr’ cultivar was minigrafted on seedlings. Different stages of grafting process including callus formation and development, necrotic layers deterioration, cambium differentiation and vascular tissues formation in samples were evaluated in 3, 7, 10 weeks; and 6 and 12 months after minigrafting. Results indicated that successful minigraft was observed after 12 months in winter minigrafted seedlings.

Background: There are multiple methods for acceleration of bone healing. Bone marrow has been shown to contain osteoprogenitor cells. Objective: To determine the effect of percutaneous bone marrow injection on bone healing.BR> Methods: 15 mature, 2-kg-weighing white New Zealand rabbits from both sexes were randomized into 3 groups: Group I: Only osteotomy of right radius was performed and a 5 mm bony defect was made. Group II: Same as group I, with the defect filled by bonegraft, taken from the iliac crest. Group III: Same as group I plus percutaneous bone marrow injection 5 days after the operation. 45 days post-operation, the rabbits were sacrificed. The radii of both forelimbs were isolated and tested by tensile testing machine.BR> Results: There was a significant difference between groups I and III (p<0.001) for toleration of maximum load and bending stiffness. No significant difference was observed between groups II and III for these parameters.BR> Conclusion: Bone marrow injection has an effect on bone healing comparable to bone grafting. This technique is non-invasive and simple without any significant complication.

The experiment was carried out during 2015-2016, with the aim of investigating the effects of scion cultivar, rootstock age and hormonal treatments on the success of walnut minigrafting. Analysis of results showed that all studied factors were effective on graft-take and survival of minigrafted walnuts and other growth traits of the scions. The highest graft-take was observed on one-year-old rootstocks in hormonal treatments of 20 mg/L BA + 12. 5 mg/L IBA for ‘ Jamal’ and 80 mg/L BA + 50 mg/L IBA for ‘ Chandler’ . The highest survival rate was observed on one-year-old rootstocks in control treatment and the lowest was on two-year-old rootstocks in hormonal treatment of 80 mg/L BA + 50 mg/L IBA. The highest growth rate of scion belonged to the scions of ‘ Jamal’ on one-year-old rootstocks in hormonal treatment of 20 mg/L BA + 12. 5 mg/L IBA and the lowest was in scions of ‘ Chandler’ on two-year-old rootstocks in hormonal treatments of 20 mg/L BA + 12. 5 mg/L IBA and 80 mg/L BA + 50 mg/L IBA. In addition, diameter of the graft union on two-year-old rootstocks was more than on one-year-old ones. Histological studies showed that increase in the diameter of the graft unit on two-year-old rootstocks was due to dead and necrotic tissues at the upper parts of it which acted as a barrier against passage of water and minerals from the rootstock to the scion and reduced the growth of the scion on two-year-old rootstocks.

An optimization model with a linear objective function subject to a system of fuzzy relation equations with Yager's union operator in special case is presented. The solution set of such a fuzzy relation equations is a non-convex set. In this paper, we characterize the feasible solution set and then, optimize a linear objective function. In order to optimize it, we convert it to an equivalent problem involving 0-1 integer programming with a branch-and-bound solution technique. Furthermore, a concrete example is included for illustration purpose.

An optimization model with a multi objective function subject to a system of fuzzy relation equations with Yager’s union operator is presented. The solution set of such a fuzzy relation equations is a non-convex set. Thus, the ordinary methods such as simplex or interior point methods don't use for solving these problems. In this paper, we first characterize the feasible solution set and then, optimize a linear objective function. In order to optimize it, we convert it to an equivalent problem involving 0-1 integer programming with a branch-and-bound solution technique. Finally, we optimize a multi objective function with LP metric methods. Furthermore, a concrete example is included for illustration purpose.